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This is the fourth article in our special seriesto commemorate a century of innovation in the HVACR arts and sciences.

Previous articles in this series on the history of air conditioning have shown that artificial cooling by mechanical means existed prior to 1900. As the twentieth century approached, several themes set the stage for what was to be an air-conditioned century. This article focuses on early twentieth century developments in air conditioning engineering that made modern comfort cooling systems possible.

Citation: ASHRAE Journal, vol. 41, no. 3, March 1999